What is smart container data?

Smart container data brings efficiency and security to intermodal transportation. With real-time monitoring capabilities, ocean carriers and cargo owners can improve routes, prevent delays, avoid losses and reduce the risk of theft, damage or accidents. How has container tracking evolved, and where are we headed with smart containers?

Which ML-based techniques are used for surface defect detection of solar cells?

ML-based techniques for surface defect detection of solar cells were reviewed by Rana and Arora , of which were only imaging-based techniques. Similarly, Al-Mashhadani et al., have reviewed DL-based studies that adopted only imaging-based techniques.

What are the challenges of defect detection in PV systems?

Main challenges of defect detection in PV systems. Although data availability improves the performance of defect diagnosis systems, big data or large training datasets can degrade computational efficiency, and therefore, the effectiveness of these systems. This limits the deployment of DL-based techniques in practical applications with big data.

How are ICA basis images used in a solar cell inspection?

In the inspection stage, the basis images from the learning stage were used to reconstruct a test solar cell image as a linear combination. To detect defects, the deviation between the test image and the reconstructed one derived from the ICA basis images is then evaluated by computing the reconstruction error.

Are IBTS and ETTs suitable for solar cell defect detection?

Although several review papers have investigated recent solar cell defect detection techniques, they do not provide a comprehensive investigation including IBTs and ETTs with a greater granularity of the different types of each for PV defect detection systems.

What are the learning and inspection stages of a solar cell?

In the learning stage, a set of 2-dimensional (2D) defect-free cell images was reshaped into 1-dimensional (1D) signals to find a set of statistically independent basis images. In the inspection stage, the basis images from the learning stage were used to reconstruct a test solar cell image as a linear combination.